Gdp and the Standards of Living - 752 Words

Standards of living can be evaluated by the measure of GDP, level of inflation, net exports and fiscal balance. Evaluation by using the GDP as an indicator would be relevant as it reflects the total national economic activity and the level of wealth of the society. GDP per capita is adjusted for the size of the economy in terms differences in price levels and also population of the country. There are many factors that would affect the standard of living in a country. Some that cannot be measured by the GDP and some that can be directly reflected by the GDP. GDP will be able to give us a rough idea on how the standard of living is in a certain country. Living standards tend to move with GDP per capita, so we can assume that the changes of†¦show more content†¦In the end, economic statistics only measure what they measure, which may not bear much relation to how well off we are. Conclusively, standards of living are to be improved by providing poor families access to what they can get or what they can use at that time to make life comfortable, healthy and fruitful. At the end of the day, economic statistics can only show the significant figures of a country and only what they measure, but it may not be of that much relation to how well off citizens are. Measuring economic welfares of countries by using economic statistics cannot fully measure the economic welfare of aShow MoreRelatedGdp, Is It a Useful Measure of Living Standards?1356 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is GDP per capita useful as a measure of living standards? What are the limitations of GDP per capita as a comparable measure of living standards? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced in a given year by factors of production within a country. GDP reports are released on the last day of each quarter, reflecting the previous quarter. Therefore, it is measured on a quarterly basis and measures the level of economic growth in different countriesRead MoreGdp, Is It a Useful Measure of Living Standards?1347 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is GDP per capita useful as a measure of living standards? What are the limitations of GDP per capita as a comparable measure of living standards? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced in a given year by factors of production within a country. GDP reports are released on the last day of each quarter, reflecting the previous quarter. Therefore, it is measured on a quarterly basis and measures the level of economic growth in different countriesRead MoreGdp Per Capita As An Indicator Of Standard Of Living1029 Words   |  5 PagesGDP per Capita As an indicator of standard of living GDP per capita is the market value of the final goods and services produced in a country during a given period per person (McDowell et al. 2012). This could also be explained as a measure of quantity of goods and services available to a typical resident of the country at a particular period. GDP per capita is used as an indicator of standard of living because it reflects the accessibility of goods and services to a person. GPD counts only the goodsRead MoreComparing Standard of Living and Quality of Life Between Countries Using GDP833 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services produced by factors of production within a country in a given period of time. It can be calculated using either the income, output, or expenditure method as illustrated on the circular flow of income diagram below. Standard of Living, in a purely material dimension is the average amount of GDP per person in a country (therefore determining access to goods and services). However theRead MoreGdp Is the Best Measure of a Countrys Standard of980 Words   |  4 PagesGDP is the best measure of a country’s â€Å"standard of living† Discuss Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of everything produced in the economy for the year. It usually is used to provide economic growth rates and other important data, it is valued in terms of the cost of all inputs. Gross means total; domestic means it applies to everything produced within the economy, product means output. Standard of living refers to the wellbeing of the population, this requires a very wide range of dataRead MoreConcept Of Gross Domestic Product1275 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Product (GDP), is the measured value of the output, which is currently produced in the domestic economy. This gives a view of the economic wellbeing for the country, it does not however give a deeper insight into the true wellbeing of the citizens within the country. This essay will go over the, definition of GDP, Real versus Nominal GDP, Three ways to calculate GDP, Four components of GDP, types of money transactions not included in GDP and aspects of the standard of living that not addressedRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp )920 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) is an economic objective used to predict and measure economic growth and output. GDP is defined as the monetary value of all goods and services produced in an economy in one year. This includes manufactured and agricultural goods, as well as services such as hairdressing and plumbing. Gross domestic product can be measured for an economy is two ways, the expenditure method and the income method. Expenditure method: GDP= I + C + G +(X-M) I – private investmentRead MoreComparing The Economic Profiles Of Brazil And France1677 Words   |  7 PagesReport: Comparing the Economic Profiles of Brazil and France Daniel Williams K1355702 Table of Contents Page 1 Summary Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Macroeconomic Comparisons: GDP Page 4 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Activities in Trade Page 5 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Living Standards Page 6 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Labour Productivity Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 References Summary France and Brazil have shown to have different economies, but are both significant contributorsRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between China And Australia1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthe size of the economies, growth rates, unemployment, inequality, standard of living, environmental issues and the roles the different governments have in influencing and modifying these factors of the economy. Size of Economy The GDP is the total market value of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. China’s GDP is significantly larger than Australia’s, measuring 9.24 trillion $USD as of 2013, while Australia’s GDP was 1.56 trillion $USD the same year. Before the change to a socialistRead MoreQuestions And Answers On Economics And Economics : Questions On The Financial Market1030 Words   |  5 Pages1. GDP a) Report the real GDP for the most recent quarter (2nd quarter of 2017). Also report the consumption, investment, government and net exports components of real GDP in dollar terms. Did GDP grow or shrink in the 2nd quarter of 2017 compared to the 1st quarter? b) Calculate the percentage contribution of each component (consumption, investment, government and net exports) to GDP for the 2nd quarter of 2017. Which component is the largest? Billions of chained (2009) dollars 2017 I % Contribution

Disruptive Behaviors Social Deficits And Other Problem...

Disruptive behaviors, even those of an aggressive nature, are not uncommon in children when they first attend pre-school. Pre-school is a time to play, learn and grow before entering a school setting. These children are often transitioning from life at home with their parents to meeting new adults and other children while learning new rules. Disruptive behaviors occur as children adjust to a semi-structured school day including time for free-play. These disruptive behaviors typically disappear on their own as children become accustomed to school routines. However, aggressive disruptive behavior can predict social deficits and other problem behaviors later in development (Brennan, Shaw, Dishion Wilson, 2015). Unstructured free-play time is particularly susceptible to this type of aggressive behavior. Pasiak and Menna (2015) demonstrated children who engage in aggressive free-play are more likely to develop relational aggression and poor self-control. Aggressive and disruptive behaviors usually decrease with time and school wide tier-one interventions such as time outs. These interventions are aimed at eliminating problem behaviors, usually by form of some sort of punishment or aversive. However, there are interventions that focus on positive aspects of behavior to fulfill the initial behavioral function. Daddario, Anhalt and Barton (2007) found that using differential reinforcement of other behaviors helps eliminate these problem behaviors. Daddario et. al (2007) observedShow MoreRelatedAn Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( Developmental Manual And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthis disorder within the realm of Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association note in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) that, â€Å"[these] disorders include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. [They] are uni que in that these problems are manifested in behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or bring the individual into significant conflict with social norms and authority figures (pRead MoreUse Of A Peer Support Intervention For Promoting Academic Engagement Of Students With Autism1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder show benefits from being educated in general education classrooms with interactions with typically developing peers. However, behaviors exhibited by students with ASD often lead them back to segregated special education settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a simple peer support intervention on minor, disruptive, off-task behaviors of three elementary students with high functioning ASD from three different classrooms. Individuals with Disabilities EducationRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States isRead MoreThe Etiology Of The Disorder963 Words   |  4 Pagesis an example of a disruptive disorder. Although there are no clear cut causes of ODD, there are factors that play a role in the development of the disorder. They include biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009). Biological factors include having a parent with a history of ADHD, ODD, or Conduct Disorder (CD), a parent with a mood disorder such a s depression or bipolar disorder, parent has a problem with drinking or substanceRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common childhood brain disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. What is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a problem of not being able to focus, being overactiveRead MoreGuidelines For Students With Adhd1405 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Using Whiteboards with Instructions to help Students with ADHD to Close the Gap. Problem Statement In this section I will be focusing upon some the important concerns that prevent students with ADHD from achieving success in closing the gap. Some of these concerns are based upon children that have a current diagnosis with prescriptions for stimulants, like Ritalin or Adderall that can improve the lives of those with ADHD. However, this can also lead to addiction, anxiety and psychosisRead MoreNegative Behavior Of The Classroom1465 Words   |  6 Pagest of the problem of practice Negative behavior in the classroom makes teaching and learning difficult in urban schools. The results from the negative behavior has caused a decline in student profientency and teacher’s retention. Introduction The behavior of students in the classroom has transitioned over time. More disruptive behavior is emerging and adequate teaching is the declining. A rise in disruptive behavior in the classroom has caused educators to use more time on discipline rather thanRead MoreRichard s Behavior At School1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe school counselor noticed several irregularities with Richard’s behavior, such as the obvious inattention, distractibility, lack of organization, reoccurring daydreaming, and inability to follow directions in multiple settings, which suggested that his difficulties were not solely based on a lack of intrinsic motivation or understanding. The school counselor described that every year Richard performed exceptionally well on standardized tests; however, he performed poorly on assignments and achievementRead MoreEssay on Hyperactivity Disorder1046 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounds them. If they go over the limit, then the children will have problems concentrating. Many scientists have classified these children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Parents may think that the children’s behavior of hyperactivity is normal throughout the child’s life. On the contrary, many of them have gone over the limit of being active. This disorder can cause conflicts at school, home, and social life. Knowing the facts, symptoms, and treatments, the parents can helpRead MoreThe Influence of Childhood Mental Disorders On the Quality of Public Education1037 Words   |  5 Pagescommon mental illnesses that children have are Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Both of them usually cause the c hild to be unable to concentrate for a prolonged period of time, as well as behave appropriately in the stressful classroom environment. It is not surprising that these scenarios cause certain problems with public education to arise. The difficulties that children are experiencing during creating social networks and personal relationships in the school environment are

Synthesis Paper on Cell Phones Usage in School Free Essays

Robert Pohlman ENG-215 Miss Sreenan June 2, 2009 My Fifteen Minutes of Fame I arrived at the Tepala Shrine Temple to play my first gig in front of a live audience with my new band â€Å"Ben Joehoff and the Cards†. I’m Robert, the lead guitarist in our four member band. I walk into the building with my shoulders back trying to exude confidence as I carry in my two guitars, a laguna and a fender Stratocaster. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis Paper on Cell Phones Usage in School or any similar topic only for you Order Now As soon as I’m through the door I start looking for my friends without trying to be too obvious about it. At the same time I walk slowly toward the room where all the loud band and people noises are escaping. I stop at the doorway. Glancing around the room, I see the judges at their table, the audience, and all the other band member â€Å"want-to-be’s† hanging around. My eyes shift to the front of the room, to the huge stage. The stage appears as promised by the RAMI’s. It is set up with everything necessary for a rock band to play professionally. I see the huge black speakers and the shiny microphones which will make us sound professional. There are lights all over, of different sizes, colors and shapes. There are lighting people, and sound people. The setup looks great and the rest is up to us. I swallow down a dry throat, trying to keep my nerves from showing. Again, I look for my friends. Suddenly, I see Mark, or â€Å"Joker†, that is his band nickname, and, then, I see the rest of my band. I give a little sigh of relief, to myself, and, I think, â€Å"They are here, this is really happening! â€Å". I grin at them, and hurry over to join them. Everyone is excited, nervous, but excited. We can’t wait till it’s our turn! There are several bands before us, but they play their songs way too fast. Suddenly, we’re up! This is my first time. I can feel the butterflies exploding in my stomach. I take a deep breath and walk out into the lights on stage. The lights are so bright that it is hard to see anything off stage. I strum a cord on my guitar to make sure my volume is alright. Suddenly, I hear the sound of sticks! One, two, three, four! My turn, I hit the first cord and feel the rich sound. The crowd seems to like us. Some of my crazy friends are dancing to the music. Mark busts out with his crazy drum solo. The beat calms me somehow. Oh, no! My solo is coming up! I hope I don’t mess up! Here, goes. I just need to concentrate on the notes. Suddenly it is over! I nailed it!!! That has to be one of the best fifteen minutes of my life! How to cite Synthesis Paper on Cell Phones Usage in School, Papers

Consider H.L.a Harts Critique of Austin Positivist Theory Essay Example For Students

Consider H.L.a Harts Critique of Austin Positivist Theory Essay The significance of the critical reflective attitude is then discussed and, finally, the sociology of secondary rules will be examined. This paper will conclude that, while Hart infused his theory with sociology in an attempt to circumvent what he saw as the restrictive nature of Justinian formalism, he remained true to the core tenets of positivism, and, ultimately, expounded a positivist theory, not a sociology, of law. Locating or formulating definitions of the concepts discussed herein, such as positivism or sociology of law, is difficult. For example, legal positivism Has been variously evolved and Hows signs of excessive pluralism and theoretical fragmentation So much so that nothing we can say about lit] can be agreed to by all positivists. 1 Yet such definitions are necessary in order to place Harts theory on the theoretical spectrum. Given that this paper is concerned with these concepts at a general level, determining where Harts theory lies in the broadest sense, general definitions Will suffice. Cottrell Offers such a definition-2 He suggests a distinction between normative and empirical theories of law, corresponding to jurisprudential theories and sociologist of law respectively. The former is a theory which seeks to explain the character of law solely in the terms of legal doctrine *and other legal the latter seeks to explain the character of law in terms of historical and social conditions and treats Law as Explicable in terms of their social origins and effects. 4 Razz5 definition of positivism is helpful as it seeks to identify the essence of traditional positivist theories, rather than a specific_ definition. 5 Razz notes that major theses have been traditionally associated with legal positivism the reductive semantic thesis, which proposes a reductive analysis of legal tenements according to which they are Nan-normative, descriptive 1 2 Lets, H. L_A Harts Conception of Law Clearinghouse Review 187-194, 187. Cottrell, The Sociological Concept of Law (1983) 1 CO of L Society 241-255, 241. However, note Moore, Description and Analysis in the Concept of Law: a Response to Stephen Perry (2002) 8 Legal Theory 91-114, 99 suggesting that even Cottrell general framework may be unhelpful. 34 S Ibid. Ibid. Razz, the Purity Of the Pure Theory in Opener, Shift and Nobles (des), Introduction to Jurisprudence and Legal Theory: Commentary and Materials (LIP, Oxford 2005) 202. tenements;6 the contingent connection thesis, which states that there is no necessary connection between law and moral the sources thesis, that the identification of the existence and content of law does not require resort to any moral argument. 8 Freeman suggests that sociological theories of law generally involve a rejection tot the uniqueness tot law and tot law as a closed logical order, a focus on the law in action and use of sociological methods. G Harts Descriptive Sociology Claim An obvious starting point for this assessment is Harts notorious 10 hope, expressed in the preface to The Concept of Law, 1 that his work may also be of use to those whose chief interests are in Sociology, rather than in Ian/ and that *notwithstanding its concern with analysis the book may also be regarded as an essay in descriptive sociology. 12 Adding to the definitional evokes outlined above, Hart fails to define what he meant by descriptive sociology. As Krieger notes, *a+ sympathetic critic can be skeptical about the claim Because the idea Of a descriptive sociology Of law is not developed, 13 suggesting that perhaps Harts failure to define descriptive sociology itself shows that he was not too concerned With this aspect Of his hurry. It is clear that Hart was referring to a subset of sociology generally and it is sufficient therefore to determine Whether Harts theory is sociological in the more general sense identified by Cottrell. There are three angles from which to approach Harts claim to descriptive sociology: the first is textual, analyzing the formulation of Harts claim; the second is biographical, looking to Harts background in an attempt to discern whether he was genuinely committed to his sociological claim; the third is an overview of the path that Harts theory took, ascertaining whether he followed through with his claim. As for the first approach, whilst remaining aware of the danger of putting too fine a point on Harts choice of words at the expense of understanding his overall project, it should be horn in mind that Hart said his work nay also14 he considered a work tot descriptive sociology, suggesting that it was 6 7 8 9 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Freeman, Law and Sociology « (2005) 8 Current Legal Issues I-IS, I _ Twining, Saucer on Hart (2006) I Gig Harvard L R Forum 122-130, 127. Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Eden JPG, Oxford 1994). Ibid preface. Krieger, The Concept of Law and Social Theory (1982) 2(2) OILS 155-180, 157 Hart (n I I) emphasis added). 1011 121314 primarily intended to be a work Of jurisprudence that could be interpreted in a sociological light. He also stated that his theory may be of use15 to other disciplines, suggesting that, While sociologists and anthropologists could gain insights from his work, to paraphrase Krieger, he was not doing what they do . 16 Lacey has written extensively on Harts life, 17 and her observations Harts background illuminate the extent to which Hart intended to engage in sociology. She notes that, given the low status of the social sciences at the time, 8 that Hart was a philosopher by training as well as by deepest disposition, 19 and considering his criticism of sociological method,20 his claim is surprising. However, as Hart was never a man to use words lightly,21 Lacey concludes that we must assume that the Prefaces claim was a considered one. 22 Hart who harbored an Axon antipathy towards sociology23 (though he regretted this later)24 would not have made this unusual claim had he not fully intended to do so. Harts determination to move beyond the conceptually rigid positivists of Austin and Kelsey25 compellingly confirms that we should take Harts claim rigorously, Harts extensive attack on Austin was partly based on Harts assertion that Sustains formalism was unduly restrictive. It is in the context of solving this problem that the sociology in Harts account arises, as laws social being to reveal the inadequacy of the reigning positivist conception of that of Austin. In the preamble to The Concept of Law, Hart expresses his wish to break from Justinian linguistic analysis by referring to the social context of words. 27 Nevertheless, Hart still emphasizes, quoting Austin, using a sharpened awareness of words to sharpen our perception of the phenomena. 28 516 1718 19 2021 222324 Ibid (emphasis added). Krieger (n 13) 159. Lacey, A Life of HAL Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (POP, Oxford 2004). Lacey, Analytical jurisprudence versus descriptive sociology revisited (2006) 84(4) Texas L R 945-982, 948. Ibid 948. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Twining (n 10). See D Sugarcane, Hart Interviewed: H. L. A. Hart in Conversation with David sugarcane (2005) FL society 267-293, 25 26 27 28 Lacey (n 18) 949. Fitzpatrick. The Mythology of Modern Law (Rutledge, London 1992) 6. Hart (n 11). Ibid. Harts intention appears both confused and confusing, but, overall his intention id not appear to be to offer a sociology of law: he was not intending to explain the character of law in terms of historical and social conditions. 29 Hart states that his work is primarily designed for the student of jurisprudence30 and emphasizes the importance of analysis and linguistic philosophy. Harts philosophical background and initial contempt for sociology further emphasis this. Nevertheless, it is clear that Hart would not have referred to sociology had he not intended to use it in some way. Finally in relation to the preamble, it must be considered Whether Hart actually attended to this claim. In this regard Fitzpatrick dra ws Hart along a sociological drift,32 arguing that a commitment to sociology would have led Hart along a different path. Fitzpatrick argues that the theory is with desperate metaphor rather than sociolinguistic or sociological observation. 83 Weight is added by Lets, who laments the hypothetical linguistic convergence34 employed by Hart, who assumes that there is some linguistic convergence about the use of legal rather than adducing evidence, Cottrell agrees that this is not descriptive sociology, speculative philosophy. 36 Lets goes further by asserting that the very act that Hart is attempting to answer such persistent questions37 as What are rules? Is already a step away trot the descriptive approach Because are not constituted by virtue of something that can be described but by something that puzzles us for non-empirical reasons. 38 Lacey agrees, arguing that the structural features of Harts theory, prevented him from building upon his %sociological claim+ . 39 From this brief selection of criticisms of Harts sociological claim it can be seen that he had much to elaborate on if he was to meet the expectations created by his statement in the preface. Women's Role in Society: D. H. Lawrence EssayHart maintains the positivist sources thesis, as the existence and content of his natural law emanating from human nines, and the contingent connection thesis, as Hart does not acknowledge a necessary connection between law and morality, only that some moral content is inevitable in any legal system with the social function remains one of facilitating human survival, The Sociology of Secondary Rules Harts conception of a legal system as the union of primary and secondary rules is yet another example of a sociological thread in his theory. Harts discussion is rooted in the social context that he thought necessary tort explaining the law and he discusses this notion with reference to the social situations of the human beings and societies that ales apply to. He starts by asserting that only a small community closely knit by ties of kinship. Could live successfully by, a regime of unofficial rules and that larger societies require secondary rules to cure the defects that arise from such a regime_63 The sociological implications of Harts conception of secondary rules have been most thoroughly explored by Calvin and Fallers. 4 Calvin has used Harts conception of the union of primary and secondary rules as a conceptual framework for analyzing primitive legal systems, illustrating how this union is sociological in nature and, in the process, gathering the kind of empirical sociological evidence that Fitzpatrick thought to be missing from The Concept of Law. Poor instance, he analyses Hovels observations of Eskimo Ian, specif ically the way that the Eskimo deal with a two-time murderer by executing him following interviews With the community. 5 Calvin views this, rather than through the lens of coercion, as Hovels work is often viewed,66 but through the Hartman lens Of primary and secondary rules. He notes that the procedure is socially recognized privilege of applying physical a rudimentary secondary rule Of enforcement. 67 Furthermore, Calvin notes the sociological origin of what seems to be a rule of recognition based on custom. 68 What is most interesting about Collies idea that Harts union of primary and secondary rules can be 6354 Hart (n 11) 92. Calvin, The Sociology of Secondary Rules (1978) 28 University of Toronto Law Journal 196-214. Fallers, Law without Precedent (University tot Chicago Press, Chicago 1969) using Harts conception of law as the union of primary and secondary rules to highlight distinctions between different societies. 65 66 67 68 Hobble, The Law of Primitive Man (Harvard University Press, Hard »award 1954) 25-6. Calvin (n 63) 206. Ibid. Ibid. Seed as a conceptual framework to organize information about different legal systems is that this, rather than being a stretching of Harts theory,69 appears to be the use Hart intended to be made Of his theory. Hart suggested that this union constitutes a most powerful tool for the analysis of much that has puzzled both the jurist and the political theories, 70 and, having accepted that his claim to have produced a descriptive sociology, as opposed to a model which could be used by sociologists, had been renaissance, 71 thought that a better formulation of his theory would be that it provides the normative incepts required for a descriptive sociology. 72 This appears to suggest Hart had the broader aim of facilitating complementarily between jurisprudence and sociology, and an aspiration that jurisprudence be of use to social scientists and sociological scholars. 73 Calvin and Fallers, in utilizing Harts theory as a conceptual framework to better describe and understand primitive societies and legal teemed, used Harts normative concepts in order to expound a descriptive sociology, a use tot Harts theory that Hart himself would surely have advocated. Harts Concept of Law: Positivist Theory or Sociology? To return to the definitions at the beginning fifths paper, Harts theory is difficult to place at one of the distinct positions in Storytellers framework: it is not wholly internal, because it does contain strands of sociology and looks to inform an understanding of law with social context, yet neither is it a sociology of law, seeking to explain law in terms of social origins and effects. In any case, it is arguable that such a clear distinction between conceptual and empirical accounts in unhelpful at the level of concept formation, as that level we are always in the intermediate sections of examining phenomena and trying to capture their substantial differences in our definitions;74 this certainly seems to be the case here. Indeed, Harts theory Of law, as discussed, contains elements that tan rightly be characterized as sociological and these elements do distinguish Harts theory from those Of positivists generally, Who, like Austin and Kelsey, reject sociology altogether. 5 Both the acclaim and criticism that Harts theory attracted is partly a consequence Of this position: a positivist jurisprudential theory, Which nonetheless attempted to incorporate elements of sociology and acknowledge he rigidity and failings of prior positivists in eliminating all extra. Legal elements 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 As Calvin himself suggests that it may be. Ibid 196. Hart (n 11) 98, Lac ey (n 17) 233. Written in a notebook of Harts. Lacey (n 18) 949. Ibid. Moore (n 2). In Kelseys view a science of law Resents legal reasoning as a realm of thought and understanding wholly apart from sociological observation, Freeman (n 9) 8. From jurisprudence. The protracted, inconclusive and sometimes unedifying debate76 that Harts theory caused is a testament to its unusual position, which s well illustrated by now returning to Raise definition of positivism. 77 Harts theory fits squarely within the latter two tenets of positivism enumerated by Razz, While at the Same time infusing these theses with sociological elements. For instance, Harts gesture toward natural law is a positivistic one, yet at the same time it is sociological, deriving natural law from the social context Of the human beings that use it. Hart also maintained the contingent connection thesis in holding that the existence and content Of law does not require resort to any moral argument. 8 but instead can be objectively ascertained by reference to social facts. 79 The reductive semantic thesis is not followed, but, as Razz himself notes, the three theses are logically independent and one is free to accept any one of them while rejecting the others. 80 Far from suggesting Hart was offering a sociology of law,81 this rejection is simply a manifestation of Harts wish to break free of the confines of reductive semantic statements, used by other positivists,82 appealing instead to social facts and context. While showing that Hart incorporated elements of sociology, it is important not to overstate hem and to bear in mind the limited extent to which Hart followed up on his descriptive sociology claim. Considering Harts theory in light tot Freemans tenets of sociological theories of law further illuminates the fact that Harts theory did not move particularly far toward becoming a sociology of law. Hart did not reject the uniqueness of law,83 nor did he focus on the law in action, but instead the concept of law itself, and he did not use sociological methods. Hart did seem to suggest he was aiming to make a greater move toward sociology when he insisted on the descriptive nature of his project in answering natural law critiques. However, the finches nature84 of this sociology and his realization that his reference to descriptive sociology was deficient, as it overstated the extent to which his theory involved sociology and did not properly 76 77 78 79 80 Lacey (n 18) 946. Razz (n 5). Ibid. Ibid 203. Ibid. In this connection it is worth noting that Kelsey also rejected the reductive semantic thesis, though for different reasons, yet Shekels theory is most definitely a positivistic one. Ibid 202-3. 2 83 84 Ibid. See Hart (n IIS 1, commenting on laws uniqueness. Lacey (n 18) 355. Reflect his intentions and, further confirms that Harts was a positivist residential theory of law, seeking only to be informed by social context. Hart himself, with hindsight, thought that a better formulation would have been to say that the book provided the normative concepts required for a descriptive a formulation more in line with his theory being of use to sociologists than being sociology itself. Conclusion Harts theory has undoubtedly been the catalyst for an unprecedented level of interdisciplinary dialogue, inspiring new theories involving jurisprudential and sociological thought. 86 However, it is clear that Hart visas not offering such a interdisciplinary theory myself: he was merely weaving some sociological threads into an essentially positivist theory, intending to place law in its social context and break free, with a fresh from the excessive formalism of the past.